Sources & References
A comprehensive list of all sources and references used in the AI Fallacy Index
Fang et al. 2024
Real AI Issues • Related to: AI-enabled hacking
Illing & Harper 2024
Real AI Issues • Related to: AI denialism
Grabb et al. 2024
Real AI Issues • Related to: Sycophancy / AI psychosis
Stranisci & Hardmeier 2025
Not Really Problems • Related to: AI art is theft; opt-out protects artists
Algorithmic Radicalization
Real AI Issues • Related to: Surveillance diffusion
McGuffie & Newhouse, 2020
Real AI Issues • Related to: Automated manipulation at scale
Open-source AI Ethics
Real AI Issues • Related to: Digital dispossession & labor extraction
Buyl et al., 2024
Real AI Issues • Related to: Epistemic capture
Ceron et al., 2024
Real AI Issues • Related to: Epistemic capture
Laux, 2023
Real AI Issues • Related to: Failure of democratic oversight
Shevlane et al., 2023
Real AI Issues • Related to: Frontier misuse risk
Shah et al., 2023
Real AI Issues • Related to: Loss of control from goal misgeneralization
Bensinger et al., 2023
Real AI Issues • Related to: Emergent capabilities unpredictability
Leike et al., 2023
Real AI Issues • Related to: Time pressure for superalignment
Wang & Fan 2025
Not Really Problems • Related to: Kids just use AI to cheat
Song et al. 2024
Not Really Problems • Related to: LLMs hallucinate so they're useless
A Landscape of Conciousness, Kuhn et al
Not Really Problems • Related to: LLMs don't understand anything
Taking AI Welfare Seriously
Not Really Problems • Related to: LLMs don't understand anything
The AI Effect: Why Yesterday's AI is Today's Computer Science
Cognitive Fallacies • Related to: Moving the Goalposts
Transformer Explainer
Not Really Problems • Related to: AI isn't real / it's all hype
Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio and Aaron Courville
Not Really Problems • Related to: Quantum AGI has secretly taken over
Chein et al. 2024
Not Really Problems • Related to: AI art is always bad
The AI Art Turing Test
Not Really Problems • Related to: AI art is always bad
Stanford AI Index 2025
Not Really Problems • Related to: Companies know exactly what they're doing with AI
Brevini 2024
Environmental Impact • Related to: Location-Based Incentives
IPCC Climate Change 2023
General Problems • Related to: Dirty power generation
Scientific Consensus and Disagreement
Cognitive Fallacies • Related to: Inflation of Conflict
The Illusion of Explanatory Depth in AI
Cognitive Fallacies • Related to: Anthropomorphic Fallacy
Beyond the False Dichotomy in AI Ethics
Cognitive Fallacies • Related to: Binary Thinking
AI Narratives: A History of Imaginative Thinking about Intelligent Machines
Cognitive Fallacies • Related to: Appeal to Science Fiction
Ren et al. 2024
Environmental Impact • Related to: AI is destroying the environment
Patterson et al. 2022
Environmental Impact • Related to: Training dominates AI's environmental impact
Hoffmann et al. 2023
Environmental Impact • Related to: AI Power Consumption Reductions
Google Sustainability Report 2023
Environmental Impact • Related to: Data Center Water Usage Efficiency
Hu et al. 2023
Environmental Impact • Related to: Training Efficiency Improvements
York & McGee 2016
Environmental Impact • Related to: The Efficiency Paradox
DeepMind 2023
Environmental Impact • Related to: Energy Grid Optimization
Rolnick et al. 2022
Environmental Impact • Related to: Climate Modeling & Research
MIT Technology Review: AI for Climate Research
Environmental Impact • Related to: Climate Modeling & Research
Ellen MacArthur Foundation 2023
Environmental Impact • Related to: Resource Efficiency Optimization
Green Software Foundation 2023
Environmental Impact • Related to: Environmental Transparency
AI increases similarity between creative works
AI & Creativity Debate • Related to: Leads to Homogenization
AI improves professional writing quality and efficiency
AI & Creativity Debate • Related to: Enhances Creativity
AI helps generate more creative ideas
AI & Creativity Debate • Related to: Enhances Creativity
AI enhances creativity more for higher-skilled employees
AI & Creativity Debate • Related to: Enhances Creativity
AI reduces collective novelty
AI & Creativity Debate • Related to: Leads to Homogenization
Students express concerns about AI dependency
AI & Creativity Debate • Related to: Leads to Homogenization
AI threatens creator revenues
AI & Creativity Debate • Related to: Leads to Homogenization
Creator approaches to AI differ based on orientation
AI & Creativity Debate • Related to: Context Dependent
AI adoption varies across creative sectors
AI & Creativity Debate • Related to: Context Dependent
About These Sources
The AI Fallacy Index draws on a wide range of academic papers, research reports, and expert analyses to provide a comprehensive and evidence-based perspective on AI discourse. These sources have been carefully selected to represent diverse viewpoints and the latest research in the field.
This resource was compiled by The Multiverse School to help separate signal from noise in AI discourse and provide a balanced perspective on the real issues, misconceptions, and cognitive fallacies that shape our understanding of artificial intelligence.